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 详细处方信息以本药内容附件文件（201882922355835.pdf）的“原文Priscribing Information”为准
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部分中文Riomet处方资料（仅供参考）
 

品牌名称：Glucophage，Glucophage XR，Fortamet，Glumetza，Riomet

通用名称：metformin

药物类别：抗糖尿病药物（治疗或控制糖尿病的药物），双胍类药物

什么是METFORMIN以及它如何工作？

二甲双胍是一种经美国食品和药物管理局批准用作治疗糖尿病的处方药的药物。该药物用于降低肝（肝）葡萄糖产生，降低GI葡萄糖吸收并增加靶细胞胰岛素敏感性。这种药物是一种治疗方法，可作为饮食，运动和生活方式改变的辅助手段，例如减轻体重，以改善2型糖尿病患者的血糖（血糖）控制。许多2型糖尿病患者最终需要通过注射服用胰岛素。二甲双胍不会导致体重增加。

关于2型糖尿病

2型糖尿病（也称为成人发病或非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病）是最常见的糖尿病形式。 2型糖尿病是身体不能正常处理胰岛素，导致血糖升高（血糖）的疾病。胰岛素是一种在胰腺中产生的激素。 2型糖尿病更常见于超重或肥胖，身体不活跃的人群。糖尿病患者还应注意健康的体重可以改善胆固醇水平和整体健康状况。胰岛素抵抗是2型糖尿病中常见的病症，其中身体难以使用产生的胰岛素。影响胰岛素生成而非胰岛素抵抗的某些基因是发展为2型糖尿病的风险因素。糖尿病家族史是一个风险因素，某些种族或种族的人群风险较高。肝脏产生的异常葡萄糖也可导致血糖（葡萄糖）水平升高。

二甲双胍有以下不同的品牌名称：Glucophage，Glucophage XR，Fortamet，Glumetza和Riomet。

与使用METFORMIN相关的副作用是什么？

二甲双胍的副作用包括：

身体虚弱（虚弱）

腹泻

气体（胀气）

虚弱症状，肌肉疼痛（肌痛）

上呼吸道感染

低血糖（低血糖症）

腹痛（胃肠道疾病），乳酸性酸中毒（罕见）

血液中维生素B-12水平低

恶心

呕吐

胸部不适

发冷，头晕

腹胀/腹胀

便秘

胃灼热

二甲双胍的严重相互作用包括：

使用二甲双胍没有严重的相互作用。

二甲双胍的严重相互作用包括：

对比剂（碘化）

乙醇

碘佛醇

二甲双胍与至少74种不同的药物有中度相互作用。

二甲双胍与至少87种不同的药物有轻微的相互作用。

METFORMIN的警告和预防措施是什么？

警告

二甲双胍与至少74种不同的药物发生中度相互作用。

勿让儿童接触。如果服用过量，请立即寻求医疗帮助或联系毒物控制中心。

Contraindicationsv

禁忌症包括过敏，慢性心力衰竭，伴有或不伴有昏迷的代谢性酸中毒，糖尿病酮症酸中毒（DKA），严重的肾脏疾病，由休克，败血症或心肌梗塞和哺乳引起的肌酐清除异常。

药物滥用的影响

使用二甲双胍对药物滥用没有影响。

短期影响

使用二甲双胍不会产生短期影响。

长期影响

使用二甲双胍不会产生长期影响。

注意事项

充血性心力衰竭，发烧，创伤，手术，老年人，肾功能损害或肝功能损害患者慎用。

指导患者避免大量饮酒。

在任何类型的手术前暂停治疗。

由于积聚，可能会发生罕见但严重的乳酸性酸中毒。

可能增加心血管（CV）死亡率的风险。

可能导致无排卵和绝经前多囊卵巢综合征（PCOS）患者排卵。

如果患者面临压力（发烧，创伤或感染），可能需要停止使用二甲双胍治疗并给予胰岛素。

乙醇可能增强二甲双胍对乳酸代谢的影响。

可能损害维生素B12或钙的摄入/吸收;通过长期治疗定期监测B12血清浓度。

未指明用于因缺乏疗效而依赖胰岛素的1型糖尿病患者。

保留患有脱水和/或肾前性氮质血症的患者。

碘化造影成像程序。

在eGFR介于30-60 mL /分钟/ 1.73平方米的患者中，在碘化造影成像程序之前或之前停用二甲双胍; 患有肝病，酗酒或心力衰竭病史的患者; 或者将给予动脉内碘酸盐造影剂的患者。

在成像程序后48小时重新评估eGFR; 如果肾功能稳定，重新启动二甲双胍。

怀孕和哺乳

怀孕期间使用可能是可以接受的。 动物研究显示没有风险，但没有人类研究或动物研究表明存在轻微风险和人类研究并且没有风险。

当二甲双胍进入母乳喂养时不推荐使用。

Brand Name: Glucophage, Glucophage XR, Fortamet, Glumetza, Riomet

Generic Name: metformin

Drug Class: Anti-diabetics (medications to treat or manage diabetes), Biguanides

WHAT IS METFORMIN AND HOW DOES IT WORK?

Metformin is a drug approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as a prescription medication to treat diabetes. This medication is used to decrease hepatic (liver) glucose production, to decrease GI glucose absorption and to increase target cell insulin sensitivity. This medication is a treatment indicated as an adjunct to diet, exercise, and lifestyle changes such as weight loss to improve glycemic (blood sugar) control in adults with type 2 diabetes. Many patients with type 2 diabetes will eventually need to take insulin by injection. Metformin does not cause weight gain.

About Type 2 Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes (also known as adult-onset or non-insulin-dependent diabetes) is the most common form of diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is a condition in which the body does not process insulin properly, resulting in elevated blood sugar (blood glucose). Insulin is a hormone that is produced in the pancreas. Type 2 diabetes is diagnosed more often in people who are overweight or obese, and who are not physically active. Patients with diabetes should also note that a healthy weight improves cholesterol levels and overall health. Insulin resistance is a condition that is commonly seen in type 2 diabetes, where it becomes difficult for the body to use the insulin that is produced. Certain genes that affect insulin production rather than insulin resistance are a risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes. Family history of diabetes is a risk factor, and people of certain races or ethnicities are at higher risk. Abnormal glucose production by the liver can also lead to elevated blood sugar (glucose) levels.

Metformin is available under the following different brand names: Glucophage, Glucophage XR, Fortamet, Glumetza, and Riomet.

WHAT ARE SIDE EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH USING METFORMIN?

Side effects of metformin include:

physical weakness (asthenia)

diarrhea

gas (flatulence)

symptoms of weakness, muscle pain (myalgia)

upper respiratory tract infection

low blood sugar (hypoglycemia)

abdominal pain (GI complaints), lactic acidosis (rare)

low blood levels of vitamin B-12

nausea

vomiting

chest discomfort

chills, dizziness

bloating/abdominal distention

constipation

heartburn

Severe Interactions of Metformin include:

There are no severe interactions from the use of metformin.

Serious Interactions of Metformin include:

Contrast media (iodinated)

Ethanol

Ioversol

Metformin has moderate interactions with at least 74 different drugs.

Metformin has mild interactions with at least 87 different drugs.

WHAT ARE WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS FOR METFORMIN?

Warnings

Metformin has moderate interactions with at least 74 different drugs.

Keep out of reach of children. In case of overdose, get medical help or contact a Poison Control Center immediately.

Contraindicationsv

Contraindication includes hypersensitivity, chronic heart failure, metabolic acidosis with or without coma, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), severe renal disease, abnormal creatinine clearance resulting from shock, septicemia, or myocardial infarction and lactation.

Effects of Drug Abuse

There are no effects of drug abuse from the use of metformin.

Short-Term Effects

There are no short-term effects from the use of metformin.

Long-Term Effects

There are no long-term effects from the use of metformin.

Cautions

Use with caution in patients with congestive heart failure, fever, trauma, surgery, the elderly, renal impairment, or hepatic impairment.

Instruct patients to avoid heavy alcohol use.

Suspend therapy prior to any type of surgery.

Rare, but serious, lactic acidosis can occur due to accumulation.

Possible increased risk of cardiovascular (CV) mortality.

May cause ovulation in anovulatory and premenopausal polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients.

It may be necessary to discontinue therapy with metformin and administer insulin if patient is exposed to stress (fever, trauma, or infection).

Ethanol may potentiate metformin's effect on lactate metabolism.

May impair vitamin B12 or calcium intake/absorption; monitor B12 serum concentrations periodically with long-term therapy.

Not indicated for use in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus that are insulin dependent due to lack of efficacy.

Withhold in patients with dehydration and/or prerenal azotemia.

Iodinated contrast imaging procedures.

Discontinue metformin at the time of or before an iodinated contrast imaging procedure in patients with an eGFR between 30-60 mL/minute/1.73 m2; in patients with a history of liver disease, alcoholism, or heart failure; or in patients who will be administered intra-arterial iodinate contrast.

Reevaluate eGFR 48 hr after the imaging procedure; restart metformin if renal function is stable.

Pregnancy and Lactation

Use in pregnancy may be acceptable. Either animal studies show no risk but human studies not available or animal studies showed minor risks and human studies done and showed no risk.

Not recommended when lactating as metformin enters breast milk.

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 详细处方信息以本药内容附件文件（201882922355835.pdf）的“原文Priscribing Information”为准
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