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 详细处方信息以本药内容附件PDF文件（201233023495833.pdf）的“原文Priscribing Information”为准
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部分中文维拉帕米处方资料（仅供参考）

【药物名称】Verapamil, Calan, Securon, Cordilox, Verelan PM, Chronovera, Covera-HS(controlled onset, extended release system), Isoptin(HCl)

【化学名】5-[N-[2-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-N-methylamino]-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-isopropylvaleronitrile

【类别】钙通道阻滞药。

【药理毒理】
本品为钙离子拮抗剂，能选择性扩张冠状动脉，增加冠脉流量；能抑制心肌兴奋性及房室传导。用于治疗阵发性室上性心动过速。

【药动学】
口服吸收完全约30min起效，维持5～8h。Tmax约30～45min，肝首过效应明显，PB90%，T1/2约3～12h，。静注后1～2min开始作用，作用持续15min。T1/2β约2～5h，长期用药或肝肾功能不全时延长。血液透析不能清除本品。
 
【适应症】
1.心绞痛：变异型心绞痛；不稳定性心绞痛；慢性稳定性心绞痛。
2.心律失常：与地高辛合用控制慢性心房颤动和/或心房扑动时的心室率；预防阵发性室上性心动过速的反复发作。
3.原发性高血压。

【用法用量】
通过调整剂量达到个体化治疗。安全有效的剂量为不超过480mg/日。
1.心绞痛：一般剂量为口服维拉帕米80～120mg/次，一日三次。肝功能不全者及老年人的安全剂量为40mg/次，一日三次口服。约在药后8小时根据疗效和安全评估决定是否增量。
2.心律失常：慢性心房颤动服用洋地黄治疗的病人，每日总量为240～320mg，分三次或四次/日口服。预防阵发性室上性心动过速（未服用洋地黄的病人）成人的每日总量为240～480mg，一日三次或四次口服。年龄1～5岁：每日量4～8mg/Kg，一日分三次口服；或每隔8小时口服。
任何疑问，请遵医嘱！

【不良反应】
以推荐的单剂量和每日总量为起始剂量并逐渐向上调整剂量用药，严重不良反应少见。
发生率在1～10%的不良反应：便秘（7.3%）；眩晕、轻度头痛（3.5%）；恶心（2.7%）；低血压（2.5%）；头痛（2.2%）。外周水肿（2.1%）；充血性心力衰竭（1.8%）；窦性心动过缓，I度、II度或III度房室阻滞；皮疹（1.2%）；乏力；心悸；转氨酶升高，伴或不伴碱性磷酸酶和胆红素的升高，这种升高有时是一过性的，甚至继续使用维拉帕米仍可消失。
发生率<1%的不良反应：低血压；心动过速；潮红；溢乳；牙龈增生；非梗阻性麻痹性肠梗阻等。

【注意事项】
1 心力衰竭：维拉帕米的负性肌力作用可因其减轻后负荷（降低循环血管阻力）而代偿，净效应不损害心室功能。但是严重左心室功能不全（肺楔压大于20mmHg或射血分数小于30%）、中-重度心力衰竭的病人、已接受β受体阻滞剂治疗的任何程度的心室功能障碍的病人，避免使用维拉帕米。必须使用维拉帕米的轻度心功能不全的病人，治疗之前需已有洋地黄类或利尿剂控制临床症状。
2 预激综合症：维拉帕米会加速房室旁路前向传导。房室旁路通道合并心房扑动或心房颤动病人静脉用维拉帕米治疗，会通过加速房室旁路的前向传导，引起心室率加快，甚至诱发心室颤动。虽然口服维拉帕米未见上述报道，但这种病人接受口服维拉帕米可能有危险，因此禁止使用。
3 传导阻滞：维拉帕米可能导致房室结和窦房结传导阻滞，与血浆浓度增高相关，尤其是在治疗早期的增量期。引起I度房室阻滞、一过性窦性心动过缓，有时伴有结性逸搏。高度房室传导阻滞不常见（0.8%）。当出现显著的I度房室传导阻滞或逐渐发展成II或III度房室传导阻滞时，需要减量或停药。
4 肝功能损害：因维拉帕米在肝内广泛代谢，肝功能损害的病人慎用维拉帕米。严重肝功能不全时维拉帕米的清除半衰期延长至14～16小时，该类病人只需服用正常剂量的30%。
5 肾功能损害：肾功能损害的病人慎用维拉帕米。血液透析不能清除维拉帕米。
6 神经肌肉传导减弱：有报道维拉帕米减弱肌肉萎缩病人的神经肌肉传导，该类病人可能需要减量。
7 血清钙：维拉帕米不改变血清钙浓度，但也有高于正常范围的血钙水平可能影响维拉帕米疗效的报道。
8 因维拉帕米可引起转氨酶增高，为慎重起见，接受维拉帕米治疗的患者应定期监测肝功能。
 
【禁忌】
1 严重左心室功能不全。
2 低血压（收缩压小于90mmHg）或心源性休克。
3 病窦综合征（已安装并行使功能的心脏起搏器病人除外）。
4 II或III度房室阻滞（已安装并行使功能的心脏起搏器病人除外）。
5 心房扑动或心房颤动病人合并房室旁路通道。
6 已知对盐酸维拉帕米过敏的病人。

【药物相互作用】
1 环磷酰胺、长春新碱、甲基苄肼、强的松、长春碱酰胺、阿霉素、顺铂等细胞毒性药物减少维拉帕米的吸收。
2 苯巴比妥、乙内酰脲、维生素D、苯磺唑酮和雷米封通过增加肝脏代谢降低维拉帕米的血浆浓度。
3 西米替丁可能提高维拉帕米的生物利用度。
4 维拉帕米抑制乙醇的消除，导致血中乙醇浓度增加，可能延长酒精的毒性作用。
5 少数病例报道维拉帕米和阿斯匹林合用，出血时间较单独使用阿斯匹林时延长。
6 与β受体阻滞剂联合使用, 可增强对房室传导的抑制作用。
7 长期服用维拉帕米，使地高辛血药浓度增加50～75%。维拉帕米明显影响肝硬化病人地高辛的药代动力学，使地高辛的总清除率和肾外清除率分别减少27%和29%。因此服用维拉帕米时，须减少地高辛和洋地黄的剂量。
8 与血管扩张剂、血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂、利尿剂等抗高血压药合用时，降压作用叠加，应适当监测联合降压治疗的病人。
9 与胺碘酮合用可能增加心脏毒性。
10 肥厚性心肌病主动脉瓣下狭窄的病人, 最好避免联合用药。
11 维拉帕米与氟卡胺合用，可使负性肌力作用叠加，房室传导延长。
12 维拉帕米可增加卡马西平、环胞素、阿霉素、茶碱的血药浓度。
13 有报道维拉帕米增加病人对锂的敏感性（神经毒性）。
14 动物实验提示吸入性麻醉剂与维拉帕米同时使用时，需仔细调整两药剂量，避免过度抑制心脏。
15 避免维拉帕米与丙吡胺同时使用。

【药物过量】
维拉帕米过量后出现的症状与服用的剂量、开始解毒的时间以及患者的心肌收缩能力(年龄相关)有关。在严重的维拉帕米中毒的病例中可出现下列情况：意识障碍(意识模糊到昏迷)、血压下降、心动过缓、心动过速、高血糖症、钾缺失、代谢性酸中毒、低氧血症、心源性休克伴肺水肿。

Calan
Generic Name: verapamil (oral) (ver AP a mil)
Brand Names: Calan, Calan SR, Covera-HS, Isoptin SR, Verelan, Verelan PM

What is verapamil?
Verapamil is in a group of drugs called calcium channel blockers. It works by relaxing the muscles of your heart and blood vessels.

Verapamil is used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure), angina (chest pain), and certain heart rhythm disorders.

Verapamil may also be used for other purposes not listed in this medication guide.

What is the most important information I should know about verapamil?
You should not use verapamil if you are allergic to it, or if you have certain serious heart conditions such as "sick sinus syndrome" or "AV block" (unless you have a pacemaker), low blood pressure, or if you have recently had a heart attack.

Before taking verapamil, tell your doctor if you are allergic to any drugs, or if you have kidney disease, liver disease, congestive heart failure, or a nerve-muscle disorder such as myasthenia gravis or muscular dystrophy.

There are many other drugs that can interact with verapamil. Tell your doctor about all medications you use. This includes prescription, over-the-counter, vitamin, and herbal products. Do not start a new medication without telling your doctor. Keep a list of all your medicines and show it to any healthcare provider who treats you. Verapamil may impair your thinking or reactions. Be careful if you drive or do anything that requires you to be alert. Do not stop taking this medication without first talking to your doctor. If you stop taking verapamil suddenly, your condition may become worse.

Verapamil may be only part of a complete program of treatment that also includes diet, exercise, and other medications. Follow your diet, medication, and exercise routines very closely.

If you are being treated for high blood pressure, keep using this medication even if you feel well. High blood pressure often has no symptoms. You may need to use blood pressure medication for the rest of your life.

What should I discuss with my healthcare provider before taking verapamil?
You should not use verapamil if you are allergic to it, or if you have:
•certain serious heart conditions, especially "sick sinus syndrome" or "AV block" (unless you have a pacemaker);
•low blood pressure; or
•if you have recently had a heart attack.

To make sure you can safely take verapamil, tell your doctor if you have any of these other conditions:
•kidney disease;
•liver disease;
•congestive heart failure; or
•a nerve-muscle disorder such as myasthenia gravis or muscular dystrophy.

FDA pregnancy category C. It is not known whether verapamil will harm an unborn baby. Tell your doctor if you are pregnant or plan to become pregnant while using this medication. Verapamil can pass into breast milk and may harm a nursing baby. Do not use this medication without telling your doctor if you are breast-feeding a baby.

How should I take verapamil?
Take exactly as prescribed by your doctor. Do not take in larger or smaller amounts or for longer than recommended. Follow the directions on your prescription label.

Your doctor may occasionally change your dose to make sure you get the best results.

Do not crush, chew, break, or open an extended-release tablet or capsule. Swallow it whole. Breaking or opening the pill may cause too much of the drug to be released at one time.
If you have trouble swallowing a verapamil capsule whole, ask your doctor or pharmacist if it is safe for you to open the capsule and sprinkle the medicine into a spoonful of applesauce to make swallowing easier. Swallow this mixture right away without chewing. Do not save the mixture for later use. Discard the empty capsule.

Use verapamil regularly to get the most benefit. Get your prescription refilled before you run out of medicine completely.

Do not stop taking this medication without first talking to your doctor. If you stop taking verapamil suddenly, your condition may become worse.
If you are being treated for high blood pressure, keep using this medication even if you feel fine. High blood pressure often has no symptoms.

Verapamil may be only part of a complete program of treatment that also includes diet, exercise, and other medications. Follow your diet, medication, and exercise routines very closely.

Your blood pressure will need to be checked often. Your kidney or liver function may also need to be tested. Visit your doctor regularly.

If you need surgery, tell the surgeon ahead of time that you are using verapamil. You may need to stop using the medicine for a short time. Store at room temperature away from moisture, heat, and light.

What happens if I miss a dose?
Take the missed dose as soon as you remember. Skip the missed dose if it is almost time for your next scheduled dose. Do not take extra medicine to make up the missed dose.

What happens if I overdose?
Seek emergency medical attention or call the Poison Help line at 1-800-222-1222. An overdose of verapamil can be fatal.

Overdose symptoms may include slow heartbeat and fainting.

What should I avoid while taking verapamil?
Verapamil may impair your thinking or reactions. Be careful if you drive or do anything that requires you to be alert.

Avoid getting up too fast from a sitting or lying position, or you may feel dizzy. Get up slowly and steady yourself to prevent a fall.

Drinking alcohol can further lower your blood pressure and may increase certain side effects of verapamil.

Grapefruit and grapefruit juice may interact with verapamil and lead to potentially dangerous effects. Discuss the use of grapefruit products with your doctor.

Verapamil side effects
Get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat. Call your doctor at once if you have any of these serious side effects:
•fast or slow heartbeats;
•feeling like you might pass out;
•fever, sore throat, and headache with a severe blistering, peeling, and red skin rash;
•restless muscle movements in your eyes, tongue, jaw, or neck;
•feeling short of breath, even with mild exertion;
•swelling, rapid weight gain; or
•nausea, stomach pain, low fever, loss of appetite, dark urine, clay-colored stools, jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes).

Less serious side effects may include:
•constipation, nausea;
•skin rash or itching;
•dizziness, headache, tired feeling; or
•warmth, itching, redness, or tingly feeling under your skin.

This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.

What other drugs will affect verapamil?
Many drugs can interact with verapamil. Below is just a partial list. Tell your doctor if you are using:
buspirone (BuSpar);
cimetidine (Tagamet);
clonidine (Catapres, Clorpres, Kapvay, Nexiclon) or any other blood pressure medications;
cyclosporine (Gengraf, Neoral, Sandimmune);
digoxin (digitalis, Lanoxin, Lanoxicaps);
lithium (Eskalith, LithoBid);
lovastatin (Mevacor, Advicor) or simvastatin (Zocor, Simcor, Vytorin);
theophylline (Elixophyllin, Theo-24, Uniphyl);
an antibiotic such as clarithromycin (Biaxin), erythromycin (E.E.S., EryPed, Ery-Tab, Erythrocin, Pediazole), rifampin (Rifadin, Rimactane, Rifater), or telithromycin (Ketek);
an antifungal medication such as fluconazole (Diflucan), itraconazole (Sporanox), ketoconazole (Nizoral), or voriconazole (Vfend);
a beta-blocker such as atenolol (Tenormin), bisoprolol (Zebeta, Ziac), metoprolol (Lopressor, Toprol), propranolol (Inderal, InnoPran), sotalol (Betapace), timolol (Blocadren), and others;
cancer medicine such as cisplatin (Platinol), cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan, Neosar), doxorubicin (Adriamycin), paclitaxel (Taxol), procarbazine (Matulane), vincristine (Oncovin), or vinorelbine (Navelbine);
cholesterol-lowering drugs such as atorvastatin (Lipitor, Caduet), lovastatin (Mevacor, Altoprev, Advicor), or simvastatin (Zocor, Simcor, Vytorin, Juvisync);
a heart rhythm medication such as amiodarone (Cordarone, Pacerone), disopyramide (Norpace), flecainide (Tambocor), or quinidine (Quin-G);
HIV/AIDS medicine such as atazanavir (Reyataz), delavirdine (Rescriptor), fosamprenavir (Lexiva), indinavir (Crixivan), nelfinavir (Viracept), or ritonavir (Norvir, Kaletra);
a sedative such as midazolam (Versed) or triazolam (Halcion); or
seizure medication such as carbamazepine (Carbatrol, Equetro, Tegretol) or phenobarbital (Solfoton).

This list is not complete and other drugs may interact with verapamil. Tell your doctor about all medications you use. This includes prescription, over-the-counter, vitamin, and herbal products. Do not start a new medication without telling your doctor.

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 详细处方信息以本药内容附件PDF文件（201233023495833.pdf）的“原文Priscribing Information”为准
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