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  药店国别: 美国药房
产地国家: 美国
所属类别: 抗过敏药物->消炎药物
处方药:处方药
包装规格: 40毫克/毫升/瓶 10瓶/盒
计价单位:
  点击放大  
生产厂家中文参考译名:
APOTHECON
生产厂家英文名:
APOTHECON
该药品相关信息网址1:
http://www.drugs.com/kenalog.html
原产地英文商品名:
KENALOG-40 40mg/ml/vial 10vials/box
原产地英文药品名:
TRIAMCINOLONE ACETONIDE
中文参考商品译名:
康宁克-40 40毫克/毫升/瓶 10瓶/盒
中文参考药品译名:
曲安奈德注射液
原产地国家批准上市年份:
1965/02/01
英文适应病症1:
Anti-inflammatory, anti-allergy
英文适应病症2:
Immunosuppressive
英文适应病症3:
Anti-bacterial, anti-shock
临床试验期:
完成
中文适应病症参考翻译1:
抗炎,抗过敏
中文适应病症参考翻译2:
抑制免疫
中文适应病症参考翻译3:
抗菌,抗休克
药品信息:

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 详细处方信息以本药内容附件PDF文件(201032600134140.pdf)的“原文Priscribing Information”为准
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部分中文kenalog-40处方资料(仅供参考)


【药物过量】可引起类肾上腺皮质功能亢进综合症。
【贮藏】遮光,密闭保存。
【性状】
  本品为微细颗粒的混悬液,静置后微细颗粒下沉,振摇后成均匀的乳白色混悬液。
药理毒理
  本品为肾上腺皮质激素类药物 。具有抗炎、抗过敏和抑制免疫等多种药理作用。
  (1)抗炎作用:糖皮质激素减轻和防止组织对炎症的反应,从而减轻炎症的表现。
  (2)免疫抑制作用:防止或抑制细胞中介的免疫反应,延迟性的过敏反应,并减轻原发免疫反应的扩展。
  (3)抗毒、抗休克作用:糖皮质激素能对抗细菌内毒素对机体的刺激反应,减轻细胞损伤,发挥保护机体的作用。
【药代动力学】
  肌注后数小时内生效。经1-2日达最大效应,作用可维持2-3周。
【适应症】
  适用于各种皮肤病、过敏性鼻炎、关节痛、支气管哮喘、肩周炎、腱鞘炎、滑膜炎、急性扭伤、类风湿【用法用量】性关节炎等。
肌注: 一周一次,一次20-100mg 关节腔或皮下注射:一般一次2.5-5mg
孕妇及哺乳期妇女用药:
    (1) 妊娠期用药:糖皮质激素可通过胎盘。动物实验研究证实孕期给药可增加胚胎腭裂,胎盘功能不全、自发性流产和子宫内生长发育迟缓的发生率。人类使用药理剂量的糖皮质激素可增加胎盘功能不全、新生儿体重减少或死胎的发生率。
  (2) 哺乳期用药:由于糖皮质激素可由乳汁中排泄,对婴儿造成不良影响,如生长受抑制、肾上腺皮质功能抑制等。孕妇及哺乳期妇女在权衡利弊情况下,尽可能避免使用。
儿童用药:小儿如长期使用肾上腺皮质激素,须十分慎重。
老年患者用药:老年患者用糖皮质激素易发生高血压和糖尿病。老年患者尤其是更年期后的女性应用糖皮质激素易加重骨质疏松。
【不良反应】
  糖皮质激素在应用生理剂量替代治疗时无明显不良反应,不良反应多发生在应用药药理剂量时,而且与疗程、剂量、用药种类、用法及给药途径等有密切关系。常见不良反应有以下几类:
  1.长程使用可引起以下副作用:医源性库欣综合症面容和体态、体重增加、下肢浮肿、紫纹、易出血倾向、创口愈合不良、痤疮、月经紊乱、肱或股骨头缺血性坏死、骨质疏松及骨折(包括脊椎压缩性骨折、长骨病理性骨折)、肌无力、肌萎缩、低血钾综合征、胃肠道刺激(恶心、呕吐)、胰腺炎、消化性溃疡或穿孔,儿童生长受到抑制、青光眼、白内障、良性颅内压升高综合征、糖耐量减退和糖尿病加重。
  2.患者可出现精神症状:欣快感、激动、谵妄、不安、定向力障碍,也可表现为抑制。精神症状由易发生与患慢性消耗性疾病的人及以往有过精神不正常者。
  3.并发感染为肾上腺皮质激素的主要不良反应。以真菌、结核菌、葡萄球菌、变形杆菌、绿脓杆菌和各种疱疹病毒为主。
  4.糖皮质激素停药综合征。有时患者在停药后出现头晕、昏厥倾向、腹痛或背痛、低热、食欲减退、恶心、呕吐、肌肉或关节疼痛、头疼、乏力、软弱,经仔细检查如能排除肾上腺皮质功能减退和原来疾病的复燃,则可考虑为对糖皮质激素的依赖综合征。
【禁忌症】
  对本品及甾体激素类药物过敏者禁用,以下疾病患者一般不宜使用,特殊情况下应权衡利弊使用,注意病情恶化的可能:严重的精神病(过去或现在)和癫痫,活动性消化性溃疡病,新近胃肠吻合手术,骨折,创伤修复期,角膜溃疡,肾上腺皮质机能亢进症,高血压,糖尿病,孕妇,抗菌药物不能控制的感染如水痘、麻疹、霉菌感染、较重的骨质疏松症等。
注意事项
   诱发感染:在激素作用下,原来已被控制的感染可活动起来,最常见者为结核感染复发。在某些感染时应用激素可减轻组织的破坏、减少渗出、减轻感染中毒症状,但必须同时用有效的抗生素治疗、密切观察病情变化,在短期用药后,即应迅速减量、停药。
对诊断的干扰
    (1) 糖皮质激素可使血糖、血胆固醇和血脂肪酸、血钠水平升高、使血钙、血钾下降。
  (2) 对外周血象的影响为淋巴细胞、真核细胞及嗜酸、嗜碱细胞数下降,多核白细胞和血小板增加,后者也可下降。
  (3) 长期大剂量服用躺皮质激素可使皮肤试验结果呈假阴性,如结核菌素试验、组织胞浆菌素试验和过敏反应皮试等。
  (4) 还可使甲状腺131I摄取率下降,减弱促甲状腺激素(TSH)对TSH释放素(TRH)刺激的反应,使TRH兴奋实验结果呈假阳性。干扰促黄体生成素释放素(LHRH)兴奋试验的结果。
  (5) 使同位素脑和骨显象减弱或稀疏。
【慎用】
   心脏病或急性心力衰竭、糖尿病、憩室炎、情绪不稳定和有精神病倾向、全身性真菌感染、青光眼、肝功能损害、眼单纯性疱疹、高脂蛋白血症、高血压、甲减(此时糖皮质激素作用增强)、重症肌无力、骨质疏松、胃溃疡、胃炎或食管炎、肾功能损害或结石、结核病等。
随访检查
    长期应用糖皮质激素者,应定期检查以下项目:
  (1) 血糖、尿糖或糖耐量试验,尤其是糖尿病或糖尿病倾向者。
  (2) 小儿应定期检测生长和发育情况。
  (3) 眼科检查,注意白内障、青光眼或眼部感染的发生。
  (4) 血清电解质和大便隐血。
  (5) 高血压和骨质疏松的检查,尤以老年人为然。
【药物相互作用】
  ⑴非甾体消炎镇痛药可加强其致溃疡作用。
  ⑵可增强对乙酰氨基酚的肝毒性。
  ⑶与两性霉素B或碳酸酐酶抑制剂合用,可加重低钾血症,长期与碳酸酐酶抑制剂合用,易发生低血钙和骨质疏松。
  ⑷与蛋白质同化激素合用,可增加水肿的发生率,使痤疮加重。
  ⑸与抗胆碱能药(如阿托品)长期合用,可致眼压增高。
  ⑹三环类抗抑郁药可使其引起的精神症状加重。
  ⑺与降糖药如胰岛素合用时,因可使糖尿病患者血糖升高,应适当调整降糖药剂量。
  ⑻甲状腺激素可使其代谢清除率增加,故甲状腺激素或抗甲状腺药与其合用,应适当调整后者的剂量。
  ⑼与避孕药或雌激素制剂合用,可加强其治疗作用和不良反应。
  ⑽与强心苷合用,可增加洋地黄毒性及心律紊乱的发生。
  ⑾与排钾利尿药合用,可致严重低血钾,并由于水钠潴留而减弱利尿药的排钠利尿效应。
  ⑿与麻黄碱合用,可增强其代谢清除。
  ⒀与免疫抑制剂合用,可增加感染的危险性,并可能诱发淋巴瘤或其他淋巴细胞增生性疾病。
  ⒁可增加异烟肼在肝脏代谢和排泄,降低异烟肼的血药浓度和疗效。
  ⒂可促进美西律在体内代谢,降低血药浓度。
  ⒃与水杨酸盐合用,可减少血浆水杨酸盐的浓度。
  ⒄与生长激素合用,可抑制后者的促生长作用。


Kenalog-40 Description
Kenalog®-40 Injection (triamcinolone acetonide injectable suspension, USP) is a synthetic glucocorticoid corticosteroid with anti-inflammatory action. THIS FORMULATION IS SUITABLE FOR INTRAMUSCULAR AND INTRA-ARTICULAR USE ONLY. THIS FORMULATION IS NOT FOR INTRADERMAL INJECTION.

Each mL of the sterile aqueous suspension provides 40 mg triamcinolone acetonide, with sodium chloride for isotonicity, 0.99% (w/v) benzyl alcohol as a preservative, 0.75% carboxymethylcellulose sodium, and 0.04% polysorbate 80. Sodium hydroxide or hydrochloric acid may be present to adjust pH to 5.0-7.5. At the time of manufacture, the air in the container is replaced by nitrogen

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Kenalog-40 - Clinical Pharmacology
Glucocorticoids, naturally occurring and synthetic, are adrenocortical steroids that are readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.

Naturally occurring glucocorticoids (hydrocortisone and cortisone), which also have salt-retaining properties, are used as replacement therapy in adrenocortical deficiency states. Synthetic analogs such as triamcinolone are primarily used for their anti-inflammatory effects in disorders of many organ systems.

Kenalog-40 Injection (triamcinolone acetonide injectable suspension, USP) has an extended duration of effect which may be sustained over a period of several weeks. Studies indicate that following a single intramuscular dose of 60 mg to 100 mg of triamcinolone acetonide, adrenal suppression occurs within 24 to 48 hours and then gradually returns to normal, usually in 30 to 40 days. This finding correlates closely with the extended duration of therapeutic action achieved with the drug

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Indications and Usage for Kenalog-40
Intramuscular
Where oral therapy is not feasible, injectable corticosteroid therapy, including Kenalog-40 Injection (triamcinolone acetonide injectable suspension, USP) is indicated for intramuscular use as follows:
Allergic states: Control of severe or incapacitating allergic conditions intractable to adequate trials of conventional treatment in asthma, atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, drug hypersensitivity reactions, perennial or seasonal allergic rhinitis, serum sickness, transfusion reactions.Dermatologic diseases: Bullous dermatitis herpetiformis, exfoliative erythroderma, mycosis fungoides, pemphigus, severe erythema multiforme (Stevens-Johnson syndrome).Endocrine disorders: Primary or secondary adrenocortical insufficiency (hydrocortisone or cortisone is the drug of choice; synthetic analogs may be used in conjunction with mineralocorticoids where applicable; in infancy, mineralocorticoid supplementation is of particular importance), congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypercalcemia associated with cancer, nonsuppurative thyroiditis.Gastrointestinal diseases: To tide the patient over a critical period of the disease in regional enteritis and ulcerative colitis.
Hematologic disorders: Acquired (autoimmune) hemolytic anemia, Diamond-Blackfan anemia, pure red cell aplasia, selected cases of secondary thrombocytopenia.Miscellaneous: Trichinosis with neurologic or myocardial involvement, tuberculous meningitis with subarachnoid block or impending block when used with appropriate antituberculous chemotherapy.Neoplastic diseases: For the palliative management of leukemias and lymphomas.Nervous system: Acute exacerbations of multiple sclerosis; cerebral edema associated with primary or metastatic brain tumor, craniotomy, or head injury.Ophthalmic diseases: Sympathetic ophthalmia, temporal arteritis, uveitis and ocular inflammatory conditions unresponsive to topical corticosteroids.
Renal diseases: To induce diuresis or remission of proteinuria in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome or that due to lupus erythematosus.Respiratory diseases: Berylliosis, fulminating or disseminated pulmonary tuberculosis when used concurrently with appropriate antituberculous chemotherapy, idiopathic eosinophilic pneumonias, symptomatic sarcoidosis.Rheumatic disorders: As adjunctive therapy for short-term administration (to tide the patient over an acute episode or exacerbation) in acute gouty arthritis; acute rheumatic carditis; ankylosing spondylitis; psoriatic arthritis; rheumatoid arthritis, including juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (selected cases may require low-dose maintenance therapy). For the treatment of dermatomyositis, polymyositis, and systemic lupus erythematosus.

Intra-Articular
The intra-articular or soft tissue administration of Kenalog-40 Injection (triamcinolone acetonide injectable suspension, USP) is indicated as adjunctive therapy for short-term administration (to tide the patient over an acute episode or exacerbation) in acute gouty arthritis, acute and subacute bursitis, acute nonspecific tenosynovitis, epicondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, synovitis or osteoarthritis.

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Contraindications
Kenalog-40 Injection (triamcinolone acetonide injectable suspension, USP) is contraindicated in patients who are hypersensitive to any components of this product.

Intramuscular corticosteroid preparations are contraindicated for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.

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Warnings
General
Exposure to excessive amounts of benzyl alcohol has been associated with toxicity (hypotension, metabolic acidosis), particularly in neonates, and an increased incidence of kernicterus, particularly in small preterm infants. There have been rare reports of deaths, primarily in preterm infants, associated with exposure to excessive amounts of benzyl alcohol. The amount of benzyl alcohol from medications is usually considered negligible compared to that received in flush solutions containing benzyl alcohol. Administration of high dosages of medications containing this preservative must take into account the total amount of benzyl alcohol administered. The amount of benzyl alcohol at which toxicity may occur is not known. If the patient requires more than the recommended dosages or other medications containing this preservative, the practitioner must consider the daily metabolic load of benzyl alcohol from these combined sources (see PRECAUTIONS: Pediatric Use).Rare instances of anaphylactoid reactions have occurred in patients receiving corticosteroid therapy (see ADVERSE REACTIONS).
Because Kenalog-40 Injection (triamcinolone acetonide injectable suspension, USP) is a suspension, it should not be administered intravenously.Unless a deep intramuscular injection is given, local atrophy is likely to occur. (For recommendations on injection techniques, see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION.) Due to the significantly higher incidence of local atrophy when the material is injected into the deltoid area, this injection site should be avoided in favor of the gluteal area.
Increased dosage of rapidly acting corticosteroids is indicated in patients on corticosteroid therapy subjected to any unusual stress before, during, and after the stressful situation. Kenalog-40 Injection (triamcinolone acetonide injectable suspension, USP) is a long-acting preparation, and is not suitable for use in acute stress situations. To avoid drug-induced adrenal insufficiency, supportive dosage may be required in times of stress (such as trauma, surgery or severe illness) both during treatment with Kenalog-40 Injection (triamcinolone acetonide injectable suspension, USP) and for a year afterwards.

Cardio-Renal
Average and large doses of corticosteroids can cause elevation of blood pressure, salt and water retention, and increased excretion of potassium. These effects are less likely to occur with the synthetic derivatives except when they are used in large doses. Dietary salt restriction and potassium supplementation may be necessary (see PRECAUTIONS). All corticosteroids increase calcium

excretion.
Literature reports suggest an apparent association between use of corticosteroids and left ventricular free wall rupture after a recent myocardial infarction; therefore, therapy with corticosteroids should be used with great caution in these patients.

Endocrine
Corticosteroids can produce reversible hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis suppression with the potential for glucocorticosteroid insufficiency after withdrawal of treatment.Metabolic clearance of corticosteroids is decreased in hypothyroid patients and increased in hyperthyroid patients. Changes in thyroid status of the patient may necessitate adjustment in dosage.

nfections
General ,Patients who are on corticosteroids are more susceptible to infections than are healthy individuals. There may be decreased resistance and inability to localize infection when corticosteroids are used. Infection with any pathogen (viral, bacterial, fungal, protozoan or helminthic) in any location of the body may be associated with the use of corticosteroids alone or in combination with other immunosuppressive agents. These infections may be mild to severe. With increasing doses of corticosteroids, the rate of occurrence of infectious complications increases. Corticosteroids may also mask some signs of current infection.

Fungal Infections
Corticosteroids may exacerbate systemic fungal infections and therefore should not be used in the presence of such infections unless they are needed to control drug reactions. There have been cases reported in which concomitant use of amphotericin B and hydrocortisone was followed by cardiac enlargement and congestive heart failure (see PRECAUTIONS: Drug Interactions:Amphotericin B injection and potassium-depleting agents).

Special Pathogens
Latent disease may be activated or there may be an exacerbation of intercurrent infections due to pathogens, including those caused by Amoeba, Candida, Cryptococcus, Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Pneumocystis, Toxoplasma.It is recommended that latent amebiasis or active amebiasis be ruled out before initiating corticosteroid therapy in any patient who has spent time in the tropics or in any patient with unexplained diarrhea.Similarly, corticosteroids should be used with great care in patients with known or suspected Strongyloides (threadworm) infestation. In such patients, corticosteroid-induced immunosuppression may lead to Strongyloides hyperinfection and dissemination with widespread larval migration, often accompanied by severe enterocolitis and potentially fatal gram-negative septicemia.Corticosteroids should not be used in cerebral malaria.

Tuberculosis
The use of corticosteroids in patients with active tuberculosis should be restricted to those cases of fulminating or disseminated tuberculosis in which the corticosteroid is used for the management of the disease in conjunction with an appropriate anti-tuberculosis regimen. If corticosteroids are indicated in patients with latent tuberculosis or tuberculin reactivity, close observation is necessary as reactivation of the disease may occur. During prolonged corticosteroid therapy, these patients should receive chemoprophylaxis.

Vaccination
Administration of live or live, attenuated vaccines is contraindicated in patients receiving immunosuppressive doses of corticosteroids. Killed or inactivated vaccines may be administered. However, the response to such vaccines cannot be predicted. Immunization procedures may be undertaken in patients who are receiving corticosteroids as replacement therapy, eg, for Addison’s disease.

Viral Infections
Chicken pox and measles can have a more serious or even fatal course in pediatric and adult patients on corticosteroids. In pediatric and adult patients who have not had these diseases, particular care should be taken to avoid exposure. The contribution of the underlying disease and/or prior corticosteroid treatment to the risk is also not known. If exposed to chicken pox, prophylaxis with varicella zoster immune globulin (VZIG) may be indicated. If exposed to measles, prophylaxis with immunoglobulin (IG) may be indicated. (See the respective package inserts for complete VZIG and IG prescribing information.) If chicken pox develops, treatment with antiviral agents should be considered.

Neurologic
Reports of severe medical events have been associated with the intrathecal route of administration (see ADVERSE REACTIONS:Gastrointestinal and Neurologic/Psychiatric).

Ophthalmic
Use of corticosteroids may produce posterior subcapsular cataracts, glaucoma with possible damage to the optic nerves, and may enhance the establishment of secondary ocular infections due to bacteria, fungi, or viruses. The use of oral corticosteroids is not recommended in the treatment of optic neuritis and may lead to an increase in the risk of new episodes. Corticosteroids should not be used in active ocular herpes simplex.Adequate studies to demonstrate the safety of Kenalog Injection use by intraturbinal, subconjunctival, sub-Tenons, retrobulbar and intraocular (intravitreal) injections have not been performed. Several instances of blindness have been reported following injection of corticosteroid suspensions into the nasal turbinates and intralesional injection about the head. Endophthalmitis, eye inflammation, increased intraocular pressure and visual disturbances including vision loss have been reported with intravitreal administration. Administration of Kenalog Injection (triamcinolone acetonide injectable suspension, USP) intraocularly or into the nasal turbinates is not recommended.
Intraocular injection of corticosteroid formulations containing benzyl alcohol, such as Kenalog Injection, is not recommended because of potential toxicity from the benzyl alcohol.

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Precautions
General
This product, like many other steroid formulations, is sensitive to heat. Therefore, it should not be autoclaved when it is desirable to sterilize the exterior of the vial.The lowest possible dose of corticosteroid should be used to control the condition under treatment. When reduction in dosage is possible, the reduction should be gradual.Since complications of treatment with glucocorticoids are dependent on the size of the dose and the duration of treatment, a risk/benefit decision must be made in each individual case as to dose and duration of treatment and as to whether daily or intermittent therapy should be used.Kaposi’s sarcoma has been reported to occur in patients receiving corticosteroid therapy, most often for chronic conditions. Discontinuation of corticosteroids may result in clinical improvement.
Cardio-Renal

As sodium retention with resultant edema and potassium loss may occur in patients receiving corticosteroids, these agents should be used with caution in patients with congestive heart failure, hypertension, or renal insufficiency.
Endocrine
Drug-induced secondary adrenocortical insufficiency may be minimized by gradual reduction of dosage. This type of relative insufficiency may persist for months after discontinuation of therapy; therefore, in any situation of stress occurring during that period, hormone therapy should be reinstituted. Since mineralocorticoid secretion may be impaired, salt and/or a mineralocorticoid should be administered concurrently.

Gastrointestinal
Steroids should be used with caution in active or latent peptic ulcers, diverticulitis, fresh intestinal anastomoses, and nonspecific ulcerative colitis, since they may increase the risk of a perforation.
Signs of peritoneal irritation following gastrointestinal perforation in patients receiving corticosteroids may be minimal or absent.There is an enhanced effect of corticosteroids in patients with cirrhosis.
Intra-Articular and Soft Tissue AdministrationIntra-articularly injected corticosteroids may be systemically absorbed.Appropriate examination of any joint fluid present is necessary to exclude a septic process.A marked increase in pain accompanied by local swelling, further restriction of joint motion, fever, and malaise are suggestive of septic arthritis. If this complication occurs and the diagnosis of sepsis is confirmed, appropriate antimicrobial therapy should be instituted.
Injection of a steroid into an infected site is to be avoided. Local injection of a steroid into a previously infected joint is not usually recommended.Corticosteroid injection into unstable joints is generally not recommended.Intra-articular injection may result in damage to joint tissues (see ADVERSE REACTIONS:Musculoskeletal).
Musculoskeletal

Corticosteroids decrease bone formation and increase bone resorption both through their effect on calcium regulation (ie, decreasing absorption and increasing excretion) and inhibition of osteoblast function. This, together with a decrease in the protein matrix of the bone secondary to an increase in protein catabolism, and reduced sex hormone production, may lead to inhibition of bone growth in pediatric patients and the development of osteoporosis at any age. Special consideration should be given to patients at increased risk of osteoporosis (ie, postmenopausal women) before initiating corticosteroid therapy.

Neuro-Psychiatric
Although controlled clinical trials have shown corticosteroids to be effective in speeding the resolution of acute exacerbations of multiple sclerosis, they do not show that they affect the ultimate outcome or natural history of the disease. The studies do show that relatively high doses of corticosteroids are necessary to demonstrate a significant effect. (See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION.)An acute myopathy has been observed with the use of high doses of corticosteroids, most often occurring in patients with disorders of neuromuscular transmission (eg, myasthenia gravis), or in patients receiving concomitant therapy with neuromuscular blocking drugs (eg, pancuronium). This acute myopathy is generalized, may involve ocular and respiratory muscles, and may result in quadriparesis. Elevation of creatinine kinase may occur. Clinical improvement or recovery after stopping corticosteroids may require weeks to years.Psychic derangements may appear when corticosteroids are used, ranging from euphoria, insomnia, mood swings, personality changes, and severe depression to frank psychotic manifestations. Also, existing emotional instability or psychotic tendencies may be aggravated by corticosteroids.

Ophthalmic
Intraocular pressure may become elevated in some individuals. If steroid therapy is continued for more than 6 weeks, intraocular pressure should be monitored.

Information for Patients
Patients should be warned not to discontinue the use of corticosteroids abruptly or without medical supervision, to advise any medical attendants that they are taking corticosteroids and to seek medical advice at once should they develop fever or other signs of infection.Persons who are on corticosteroids should be warned to avoid exposure to chicken pox or measles. Patients should also be advised that if they are exposed, medical advice should be sought without delay.

Drug Interactions
Aminoglutethimide: Aminoglutethimide may lead to a loss of corticosteroid-induced adrenal suppression.Amphotericin B injection and potassium-depleting agents: When corticosteroids are administered concomitantly with potassium-depleting agents (ie, amphotericin B, diuretics), patients should be observed closely for development of hypokalemia. There have been cases reported in which concomitant use of amphotericin B and hydrocortisone was followed by cardiac enlargement and congestive heart failure.Antibiotics: Macrolide antibiotics have been reported to cause a significant decrease in corticosteroid clearance.Anticholinesterases: Concomitant use of anticholinesterase agents and corticosteroids may produce severe weakness in patients with myasthenia gravis. If possible, anticholinesterase agents should be withdrawn at least 24 hours before initiating corticosteroid therapy.Anticoagulants, oral: Coadministration of corticosteroids and warfarin usually results in inhibition of response to warfarin, although there have been some conflicting reports. Therefore, coagulation indices should be monitored frequently to maintain the desired anticoagulant effect.Antidiabetics: Because corticosteroids may increase blood glucose concentrations, dosage adjustments of antidiabetic agents may be required.Antitubercular drugs: Serum concentrations of isoniazid may be decreased.Cholestyramine: Cholestyramine may increase the clearance of corticosteroids.Cyclosporine: Increased activity of both cyclosporine and corticosteroids may occur when the two are used concurrently. Convulsions have been reported with this concurrent use.
Digitalis glycosides: Patients on digitalis glycosides may be at increased risk of arrhythmias due to hypokalemia.Estrogens, including oral contraceptives: Estrogens may decrease the hepatic metabolism of certain corticosteroids, thereby increasing their effect.Hepatic enzyme inducers (eg, barbiturates, phenytoin, carbamazepine, rifampin): Drugs which induce hepatic microsomal drug metabolizing enzyme activity may enhance the metabolism of corticosteroids and require that the dosage of the corticosteroid be increased.Ketoconazole: Ketoconazole has been reported to decrease the metabolism of certain corticosteroids by up to 60%, leading to an increased risk of corticosteroid side effects.Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDS): Concomitant use of aspirin (or other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents) and corticosteroids increases the risk of gastrointestinal side effects. Aspirin should be used cautiously in conjunction with corticosteroids in hypoprothrombinemia. The clearance of salicylates may be increased with concurrent use of corticosteroids.Skin tests: Corticosteroids may suppress reactions to skin tests.Vaccines: Patients on prolonged corticosteroid therapy may exhibit a diminished response to toxoids and live or inactivated vaccines due to inhibition of antibody response. Corticosteroids may also potentiate the replication of some organisms contained in live attenuated vaccines. Routine administration of vaccines or toxoids should be deferred until corticosteroid therapy is discontinued if possible (see WARNINGS: Infections: Vaccination).Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility.No adequate studies have been conducted in animals to determine whether corticosteroids have a potential for carcinogenesis or mutagenesis.Steroids may increase or decrease motility and number of spermatozoa in some patients.

Pregnancy
Teratogenic Effects: Pregnancy Category C ,Corticosteroids have been shown to be teratogenic in many species when given in doses equivalent to the human dose. Animal studies in which corticosteroids have been given to pregnant mice, rats, and rabbits have yielded an increased incidence of cleft palate in the offspring. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Corticosteroids should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. Infants born to mothers who have received corticosteroids during pregnancy should be carefully observed for signs of hypoadrenalism.

Nursing Mothers
Systemically administered corticosteroids appear in human milk and could suppress growth, interfere with endogenous corticosteroid production, or cause other untoward effects. Caution should be exercised when corticosteroids are administered to a nursing woman.

Pediatric Use
This product contains benzyl alcohol as a preservative. Benzyl alcohol, a component of this product, has been associated with serious adverse events and death, particularly in pediatric patients. The “gasping syndrome” (characterized by central nervous system depression, metabolic acidosis, gasping respirations, and high levels of benzyl alcohol and its metabolites found in the blood and urine) has been associated with benzyl alcohol dosages >99 mg/kg/day in neonates and low-birth-weight neonates. Additional symptoms may include gradual neurological deterioration, seizures, intracranial hemorrhage, hematologic abnormalities, skin breakdown, hepatic and renal failure, hypotension, bradycardia, and cardiovascular collapse. Although normal therapeutic doses of this product deliver amounts of benzyl alcohol that are substantially lower than those reported in association with the “gasping syndrome,” the minimum amount of benzyl alcohol at which toxicity may occur is not known. Premature and low-birth-weight infants, as well as patients receiving high dosages, may be more likely to develop toxicity. Practitioners administering this and other medications containing benzyl alcohol should consider the combined daily metabolic load of benzyl alcohol from all sources.The efficacy and safety of corticosteroids in the pediatric population are based on the well-established course of effect of corticosteroids which is similar in pediatric and adult populations. Published studies provide evidence of efficacy and safety in pediatric patients for the treatment of nephroticsyndrome (>2 years of age), and aggressive lymphomas and leukemias (>1 month of age). Other indications for pediatric use of corticosteroids, eg, severe asthma and wheezing, are based on adequate and well-controlled trials conducted in adults, on the premises that the course of the diseases and their pathophysiology are considered to be substantially similar in both populations.The adverse effects of corticosteroids in pediatric patients are similar to those in adults (see ADVERSE REACTIONS). Like adults, pediatric patients should be carefully observed with frequent measurements of blood pressure, weight, height, intraocular pressure, and clinical evaluation for the presence of infection, psychosocial disturbances, thromboembolism, peptic ulcers, cataracts, and osteoporosis. Pediatric patients who are treated with corticosteroids by any route, including systemically administered corticosteroids, may experience a decrease in their growth velocity. This negative impact of corticosteroids on growth has been observed at low systemic doses and in the absence of laboratory evidence of HPA axis suppression (ie, cosyntropin stimulation and basal cortisol plasma levels). Growth velocity may therefore be a more sensitive indicator of systemic corticosteroid exposure in pediatric patients than some commonly used tests of HPA axis function. The linear growth of pediatric patients treated with corticosteroids should be monitored, and the potential growth effects of prolonged treatment should be weighed against clinical benefits obtained and the availability of treatment alternatives. In order to minimize the potential growth effects of corticosteroids, pediatric patients should be titrated to the lowest effective dose.

Geriatric Use
No overall differences in safety or effectiveness were observed between elderly subjects and younger subjects, and other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients, but greater sensitivity of some older individuals cannot be ruled out.

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Adverse Reactions
(listed alphabetically under each subsection)The following adverse reactions may be associated with corticosteroid therapy:Allergic reactions: Anaphylactoid reaction, anaphylaxis, angioedema.

Cardiovascular: Bradycardia, cardiac arrest, cardiac arrhythmias, cardiac enlargement, circulatory collapse, congestive heart failure, fat embolism, hypertension, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in premature infants, myocardial rupture following recent myocardial infarction (see WARNINGS), pulmonary edema, syncope, tachycardia, thromboembolism, thrombophlebitis, vasculitis.

Dermatologic: Acne, allergic dermatitis, cutaneous and subcutaneous atrophy, dry scaly skin, ecchymoses and petechiae, edema, erythema, hyperpigmentation, hypopigmentation, impaired wound healing, increased sweating, lupus erythematosus-like lesions, purpura, rash, sterile abscess, striae, suppressed reactions to skin tests, thin fragile skin, thinning scalp hair, urticaria.

Endocrine: Decreased carbohydrate and glucose tolerance, development of cushingoid state, glycosuria, hirsutism, hypertrichosis, increased requirements for insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents in diabetes, manifestations of latent diabetes mellitus, menstrual irregularities, secondary adrenocortical and pituitary unresponsiveness (particularly in times of stress, as in trauma, surgery, or illness), suppression of growth in pediatric patients.

Fluid and electrolyte disturbances: Congestive heart failure in susceptible patients, fluid retention, hypokalemic alkalosis, potassium loss, sodium retention.

Gastrointestinal: Abdominal distention, bowel/bladder dysfunction (after intrathecal administration), elevation in serum liver enzyme levels (usually reversible upon discontinuation), hepatomegaly, increased appetite, nausea, pancreatitis, peptic ulcer with possible perforation and hemorrhage, perforation of the small and large intestine (particularly in patients with inflammatory bowel disease), ulcerative esophagitis.

Metabolic: Negative nitrogen balance due to protein catabolism.

Musculoskeletal: Aseptic necrosis of femoral and humeral heads, calcinosis (following intra-articular or intralesional use), Charcot-like arthropathy, loss of muscle mass, muscle weakness, osteoporosis, pathologic fracture of long bones, post injection flare (following intra-articular use), steroid myopathy, tendon rupture, vertebral compression fractures.

Neurologic/Psychiatric: Convulsions, depression, emotional instability, euphoria, headache, increased intracranial pressure with papilledema (pseudotumor cerebri) usually following discontinuation of treatment, insomnia, mood swings, neuritis, neuropathy, paresthesia, personality changes, psychic disorders, vertigo. Arachnoiditis, meningitis, paraparesis/paraplegia, and sensory disturbances have occurred after intrathecal administration (see WARNINGS: Neurologic).

Ophthalmic: Exophthalmos, glaucoma, increased intraocular pressure, posterior subcapsular cataracts, rare instances of blindness associated with periocular injections.

Other: Abnormal fat deposits, decreased resistance to infection, hiccups, increased or decreased motility and number of spermatozoa, malaise, moon face, weight gain.

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Overdosage
Treatment of acute overdosage is by supportive and symptomatic therapy. For chronic overdosage in the face of severe disease requiring continuous steroid therapy, the dosage of the corticosteroid may be reduced only temporarily, or alternate day treatment may be introduced.

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Kenalog-40 Dosage and Administration
General
NOTE: CONTAINS BENZYL ALCOHOL (see PRECAUTIONS).The initial dose of Kenalog-10Injection (triamcinolone acetonide injectable suspension, USP) may vary from 2.5 mg to 100 mg per day depending on the specific disease entity being treated (see Dosage section below). However, in certain overwhelming, acute, life-threatening situations, administration in dosages exceeding the usual dosages may be justified and may be in multiples of the oral dosages.IT SHOULD BE EMPHASIZED THAT DOSAGE REQUIREMENTS ARE VARIABLE AND MUST BE INDIVIDUALIZED ON THE BASIS OF THE DISEASE UNDER TREATMENT AND THE RESPONSE OF THE PATIENT. After a favorable response is noted, the proper maintenance dosage should be determined by decreasing the initial drug dosage in small decrements at appropriate time intervals until the lowest dosage which will maintain an adequate clinical response is reached. Situations which may make dosage adjustments necessary are changes in clinical status secondary to remissions or exacerbations in the disease process, the patient’s individual drug responsiveness, and the effect of patient exposure to stressful situations not directly related to the disease entity under treatment. In this latter situation it may be necessary to increase the dosage of the corticosteroid for a period of time consistent with the patient’s condition. If after long-term therapy the drug is to be stopped, it is recommended that it be withdrawn gradually rather than abruptly.

Dosage

SYSTEMIC ,The suggested initial dose is 60 mg, injected deeply into the gluteal muscle. Atrophy of subcutaneous fat may occur if the injection is not properly given. Dosage is usually adjusted within the range of 40 mg to 80 mg, depending upon patient response and duration of relief. However, some patients may be well controlled on doses as low as 20 mg or less.
Hay fever or pollen asthma: Patients with hay fever or pollen asthma who are not responding to pollen administration and other conventional therapy may obtain a remission of symptoms lasting throughout the pollen season after a single injection of 40 mg to 100 mg.In the treatment of acute exacerbations of multiple sclerosis, daily doses of 160 mg of triamcinolone for a week followed by 64 mg every other day for one month are recommended (see PRECAUTIONS: Neuro-Psychiatric).In pediatric patients, the initial dose of triamcinolone may vary depending on the specific disease entity being treated. The range of initial doses is 0.11 to 1.6 mg/kg/day in 3 or 4 divided doses (3.2 to 48 mg/m2bsa/day).
For the purpose of comparison, the following is the equivalent milligram dosage of the various glucocorticoids:Cortisone, 25 Triamcinolone, 4 Hydrocortisone, 20 Paramethasone, 2 Prednisolone, 5Betamethasone, 0.75 Prednisone, 5 Dexamethasone, 0.75 Methylprednisolone, 4 These dose relationships apply only to oral or intravenous administration of these compounds. When these substances or their derivatives are injected intramuscularly or into joint spaces, their relative properties may be greatly altered.

LOCAL
Intra-articular administration: A single local injection of triamcinolone acetonide is frequently sufficient, but several injections may be needed for adequate relief of symptoms.Initial dose: 2.5 mg to 5 mg for smaller joints and from 5 mg to 15 mg for larger joints, depending on the specific disease entity being treated. For adults, doses up to 10 mg for smaller areas and up to 40 mg for larger areas have usually been sufficient. Single injections into several joints, up to a total of 80 mg, have been given.

Administration
GENERAL
STRICT ASEPTIC TECHNIQUE IS MANDATORY. The vial should be shaken before use to ensure a uniform suspension. Prior to withdrawal, the suspension should be inspected for clumping or granular appearance (agglomeration). An agglomerated product results from exposure to freezing temperatures and should not be used. After withdrawal, Kenalog-40 Injection (triamcinolone acetonide injectable suspension, USP) should be injected without delay to prevent settling in the syringe. Careful technique should be employed to avoid the possibility of entering a blood vessel or introducing infection.

SYSTEMIC
For systemic therapy, injection should be made deeply into the gluteal muscle (see WARNINGS). For adults, a minimum needle length of 1½ inches is recommended. In obese patients, a longer needle may be required. Use alternative sites for subsequent injections.

LOCAL
For treatment of joints, the usual intra-articular injection technique should be followed. If an excessive amount of synovial fluid is present in the joint, some, but not all, should be aspirated to aid in the relief of pain and to prevent undue dilution of the steroid.With intra-articular administration, prior use of a local anesthetic may often be desirable. Care should be taken with this kind of injection, particularly in the deltoid region, to avoid injecting the suspension into the tissues surrounding the site, since this may lead to tissue atrophy.In treating acute nonspecific tenosynovitis, care should be taken to ensure that the injection of the corticosteroid is made into the tendon sheath rather than the tendon substance. Epicondylitis may be treated by infiltrating the preparation into the area of greatest tenderness.

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How is Kenalog-40 Supplied
Kenalog®-40 Injection (triamcinolone acetonide injectable suspension, USP) is supplied in vials providing 40 mg triamcinolone acetonide per mL.

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Storage
Store at controlled room temperature, 20°–25°C (68°–77°F), avoid freezing and protect from light.


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 详细处方信息以本药内容附件PDF文件(201032600134140.pdf)的“原文Priscribing Information”为准
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于2011年3月28日更新

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